Lymphomas in 3D and 4D spaces.

Hum Pathol

Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany. Electronic address:

Published: November 2024

AI Article Synopsis

  • - The lymph node is structured into dynamic compartments like T and B zones, which enhance both innate and adaptive immune responses and have led to new insights across various biological and medical fields.
  • - The review emphasizes advanced 3D and 4D imaging techniques to study human lymph nodes, highlighting the insights gained from these methods compared to traditional 2D tissue analysis, particularly in understanding immune interactions and lymphoma behavior.
  • - Findings show that T cells move faster than B cells and reticulum cells within reactive lymphoid tissue, with variations in cell contact times potentially aiding in lymphoma classification; 4D technology can also play a key role in testing new cancer therapies.

Article Abstract

The cellular compartments in the lymph node form dynamic networks, enabling coordinated innate and adaptive immunological responses. This compartmentalization of the lymph node into subcompartments, such as the T and B zones, has been proven to be beneficial. The study of lymph node microarchitecture has yielded new insights into a range of fields, including anatomy, pathology and biological processes. This review focuses on three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) investigations of human lymph nodes, with a particular emphasis on comparisons with data obtained from mice. It will discuss the findings of 3D/4D investigations of human lymph nodes. The investigation of the immune system in 3D space and time offers numerous advantages over the analysis of thin tissue sections. It provides data that is not visible in two-dimensional (2D) representations. A comparison of volumes, surfaces, cell speeds, cell contact numbers, contact duration times, morphologies and other variables can be made in the context of immune responses and lymphomas. The evaluation of data, the application of statistics and the use of machine learning have all been demonstrated to be valuable. In conditions of reactivity and neoplasia, T cells are the fastest-moving cells. In contrast, B cells show slower movement and higher turning angles in reactive lymphoid tissue and lymphomas. Even slower than B cells are reticulum cells, like follicular dendritic reticulum cells (FDC) of the B zones and macrophages. Fast T cells are especially found in Hodgkin lymphomas and mantle cell lymphomas. Contact times between T and B cells differ between different lymphoma types and may prove useful in defining lymphomas. 4D technologies, which evaluate living tissue slices, are suitable for use in testing checkpoint blockers (such as nivolumab) and other therapeutic drugs or cells. Following incubation with nivolumab, the duration of contacts between CD4-positive T cells and CD30-positive Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cells was documented. The preliminary data indicate that 3D and 4D experiments in hematopathology may facilitate new insights into diagnostics, biology, and clinical applications, including the development of new lymphoma classifications.

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Source
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2024.105699DOI Listing

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