MST-YOLO: Small Object Detection Model for Autonomous Driving.

Autonomous vehicles operating in public transportation spaces must rapidly and accurately detect all potential hazards in their surroundings to execute appropriate actions such as yielding, lane changing, and overtaking. This capability is a prerequisite for achieving advanced autonomous driving. In autonomous driving scenarios, distant objects are often small, which increases the risk of detection failures. To address this challenge, the MST-YOLOv8 model, which incorporates the C2f-MLCA structure and the ST-P2Neck structure to enhance the model's ability to detect small objects, is proposed. This paper introduces mixed local channel attention (MLCA) into the C2f structure, enabling the model to pay more attention to the region of small objects. A P2 detection layer is added to the neck part of the YOLOv8 model, and scale sequence feature fusion (SSFF) and triple feature encoding (TFE) modules are introduced to assist the model in better localizing small objects. Compared with the original YOLOv8 model, MST-YOLOv8 demonstrates a 3.43% improvement in precision (P), an 8.15% improvement in recall (R), an 8.42% increase in mAP_0.5, a reduction in missed detection rate by 18.47%, a 70.97% improvement in small object detection AP, and a 68.92% improvement in AR.