The Ocular Microbiome: Micro-Steps Towards Macro-Shift in Targeted Treatment? A Comprehensive Review.

A healthy ocular surface is inhabited by microorganisms that constitute the ocular microbiome. The core of the ocular microbiome is still a subject of debate. Numerous culture-dependent and gene sequencing studies have revealed the composition of the ocular microbiome. There was a confirmed correlation between the ocular microbiome and ocular surface homeostasis as well as between ocular dysbiosis and pathologies such as blepharitis, microbial keratitis, and conjunctivitis. However, the role of the ocular microbiome in the pathogenesis and treatment of ocular surface diseases remains unclear. This article reviews available data on the ocular microbiome and microbiota, their role in maintaining ocular homeostasis, and the impact of dysbiosis on several ophthalmic disorders. Moreover, we aimed to discuss potential treatment targets within the ocular microbiota.