Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Mn- and Fe-Doped NaBiTiO Ceramics.

The mechanical properties of Mn- and Fe-doped NaBiTiO ceramics in unpoled and poled states were examined and analyzed for the first time through measurements of Young's modulus, the elastic modulus, Poisson's number, compressibility modulus K, hardness, fracture toughness and bending strength on one hand and by stress-strain measurements on the other hand. It was found that both the introduction of Fe and Mn ions into NaBiTiO and E-poling lead to improvements in their mechanical properties. The additives also cause improvement of the piezoelectric properties. The stress-strain curves revealed a changing mechanical response with the Mn and Fe doping of the NBT. With the doping, there was a decrease in coercive stress, which enhanced the remnant strain. In contrast, the E-poling led to an increase in the coercive stress, which reduced the remnant strain. Induced internal stresses associated with non-180° domain switching were determined. It was found that the investigated materials displayed significant ferroelastic deformation and large remnant polarization even under external stress of 180-250 MPa. Modification of NBT by Mn and Fe ions and E-poling were found to be effective ways of improving actuator performance and controlling operating stresses in order to minimize irreversible fatigue damage. The results suggest that the investigated materials could replace PZT ceramics in actuator applications where high blocking stress is required.