Use of the Consumer Health Literacy Quotient to Quantify and Explore Self-Care Readiness Among Consumers in Four Asia-Pacific Countries.

Background/objectives: Self-care has great potential to benefit consumers and health systems, but its mainstream adoption is hindered by a systemic lack of consumer health literacy (HL). Published data on consumer awareness of self-care and HL are limited for regions in Asia, and are needed to develop interventions to enhance HL and self-care for diverse populations in this region. The aim of this research was to describe and analyze patterns of HL and awareness of self-care among consumers in Asia.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study comprising qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs; 64 participants) followed by a quantitative online survey (1200 participants) among consumers in four Asian countries (India, Philippines, Malaysia, and Republic of Korea). We examined five dimensions of HL and self-care relevant to consumers: actively managing health; confidence/skills to find and access health information; confidence/skills to appraise information; support from social circle; and support from healthcare providers. From the quantitative survey, responses for 16 questions covering the five dimensions were used to calculate the Consumer Health Literacy Quotient (CHLQ; normalized range 0-100), an index we developed to assess HL in the context of personal wellness and self-treatable conditions. Latent class analysis (LCA) was applied to identify distinctive patterns of consumer HL within the sample.

Results: The mean CHLQ was 75 out of 100 (SD ± 12.9), indicating 'moderate' levels of consumer HL across the countries. LCA identified five distinct consumer HL profiles, differing in their average CHLQ (overall score) and along the CHLQ dimensions. Consistent with CHLQ results, the profiles differed in their response patterns for common self-manageable ailments.

Conclusions: This study identified distinct patterns of HL and awareness of self-care among consumers in four Asian countries through combined use of the CHLQ and quantitative profiling. This offers a promising approach for understanding self-care-related HL among consumers in Asia. Our findings on patterns of strengths and weakness in specific dimensions of HL and self-care in diverse populations can inform research, communications, and targeted interventions to empower consumers and foster self-care.