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The Influence of Maternal Lifestyle Factors on Human Breast Milk Microbial Composition: A Narrative Review. | LitMetric

The Influence of Maternal Lifestyle Factors on Human Breast Milk Microbial Composition: A Narrative Review.

Biomedicines

Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.

Published: October 2024

AI Article Synopsis

  • Human breast milk (HBM) is the best nutrition for infants, helping prevent infections and chronic diseases by positively influencing their gut microbiota.
  • The composition of beneficial microbes in HBM is varied and influenced by factors like gestational age, delivery method, and maternal lifestyle choices such as diet and stress.
  • Research highlights the need for better understanding of maternal lifestyle effects on HBM microbiota to develop strategies for improving infant gut health.

Article Abstract

Human breast milk (HBM) is considered the gold standard for infant nutrition due to its optimal nutrient profile and complex composition of cellular and non-cellular components. Breastfeeding positively influences the newborn's gut microbiota and health, reducing the risk of conditions like gastrointestinal infections and chronic diseases (e.g., allergies, asthma, diabetes, and obesity). Research has revealed that HBM contains beneficial microbes that aid gut microbiota maturation through mechanisms like antimicrobial production and pathogen exclusion. The HBM microbiota composition can be affected by several factors, including gestational age, delivery mode, medical treatments, lactation stage, as well as maternal lifestyle habits (e.g., diet, physical activity, sleep quality, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress level). Particularly, lifestyle factors can play a significant role in shaping the HBM microbiota by directly modulating the microbial composition or influencing the maternal gut microbiota and influencing the HBM microbes through the enteromammary pathway. This narrative review of current findings summarized how maternal lifestyle influences HBM microbiota. While the influence of maternal diet on HBM microbiota is well-documented, indicating that dietary patterns, especially those rich in plant-based proteins and complex carbohydrates, can positively influence HBM microbiota, the impact of other lifestyle factors is poorly investigated. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy and breastfeeding is crucial for the health of both mother and baby. Understanding how maternal lifestyle factors influence microbial colonization of HBM, along with their interactions and impact, is key to developing new strategies that support the beneficial maturation of the infant's gut microbiota.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11592219PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112423DOI Listing

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