Can Information About Stiffness Perception be Inferred from Action Signals Using Models?

We use sensory feedback to form our perception, and control our movements and forces (actions). There is an ongoing debate about the relation between perception and action, with evidence in both directions. For example, there are cases in which perceptual illusions affect action signals and cases where they do not. However, even when they do, it is unknown if perceptual information can be inferred from action signals alone. To answer this question, we utilized a perceptual illusion created by artificial tactile skin stretch, which increases stiffness perception, and affects grip force. We used data recorded in a stiffness discrim-ination task in which participants compared pairs of virtual objects, comprised of force and artificial skin stretch and indicated which they perceived as stiffer. We explored if models could predict participants' perceptual responses, and the increase in stiffness perception caused by the skin stretch, solely from their recorded action signals. That is, with no information provided about the stimuli. We found that participants' perceptual augmentation could be predicted to an extent from their action signals alone. We predicted the average augmentation effect across participants, and a general trend of increased predicted perceptual aug-mentation for increased real perceptual augmentation. These results indicate that at least some perceptual information is present in action signals. Furthermore, of the action signals examined, grip force was neces-sary for predicting the augmentation effect, and a motion signal (e.g., position) was needed for predicting human-like perception, shedding light on what information may be present in the different signals. We utilized artificial skin stretch and models to explore if participants' actions are indicative of their per-ception, and found that aspects of perception can be predicted from action signals. Furthermore, our results shed light on which action signals are needed for predicting human-like perception, and which are indicative of the skin stretch augmentation effect. Beyond the scientific insights, this work could be used for the design of haptic feedback for force-displaying technologies. Trained models can be used to receive action signals and estimate the perceptual effect of different haptic stimuli. This can be advantageous, as it is commonly possible to record users' action signals, however, the experiments required to measure perceptual effects are often long and require many repetitions.