Homophily in social and demographic traits predict association patterns in female western and mountain gorillas.

Affiliative relationships are a hallmark of social relationships in gregarious mammals, but what drives variation of association patterns when kin are absent remains unknown. Gorillas, where females may disperse multiple times in their lives, provide an interesting counterpoint to female philopatric species to examine the factors influencing variation in association patterns. We examined demographic and social factors that may predict association patterns of female western (; Loango, Gabon) and mountain gorillas (; Bwindi, Uganda). We looked at dyadic and individual strength scores of social proximity (37 group-years). For individuals, high dominance rank increased association scores while newly emigrated females had lower scores than resident females. For dyads, higher mean dominance rank and both partners having a dependent infant increased association scores, whereas a partner being an immigrant decreased scores. Furthermore, time-matched analysis of birth and immigration events confirmed the temporal nature of these associations. Overall, female gorilla association patterns show flexibility in strength based on real-time contingencies, namely social and demographic traits. Association patterns in species with female secondary dispersal may be governed by homophily, like that of modern humans. Understanding female gorilla social structure can enhance our knowledge of the evolutionary origins of sociality.