Surgical management of chronic orchialgia after inguinal hernia repair.

Background: Orchialgia is a rare but significant complication experienced after open and minimally invasive inguinal hernia repairs with or without mesh. Causes have been theorized to include trauma to the spermatic cord, mesh-induced inflammation, vascular insult, fibrosis or mesh scarring of the cord, and neuropathic injury to the autonomic paravasal nerve fibers supplying the testicle. Though less frequently described than inguinodynia, orchialgia can be severely debilitating.

Methods: Retrospective review of consecutive adult patients who underwent surgical intervention for inguinodynia with coexisting orchialgia between September 2011 and April 2023. Primary outcome was percent improvement of orchialgia, reported by patients in postoperative follow up. Secondary outcomes included surgical approach, type of neurectomy performed, the need for orchiectomy, and remedial operations.

Results: A total of 173 patients were identified. Of this cohort, 89.6% (155) underwent paravasal neurectomy, 96% (166) underwent inguinal neurectomy, 14% (24) underwent orchiectomy, and 5.2% (9) underwent vasectomy. These operations were conducted via an open approach in 18% (31) and via hybrid approach in 62% (108). Improvement was noted in 99% (173) of cases, with greater than 50% improvement in pain in 64% (111).

Conclusion: Orchialgia is less common than inguinodynia but is encountered in approximately 10% of patients with chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair resulting from all variants of operative repairs. Utilization of a patient-tailored surgical approach to address the likely mechanisms of testicular pain after prior inguinal hernia repair allows for favorable surgical results. A careful examination and assessment of the potential mechanisms of orchialgia after inguinal hernia repair allows for identification of specific causes and potential options for remediation.