Transplantation-based cell therapy holds the potential to offer sustained and physiological repair for neurological diseases and injuries, which requires the integration of transplanted neurons into the neural circuits of the human brain. Recent studies involving transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitors into the brain of model animals reveal the remarkable capacity of grafted immature human neurons to mature, project axons in a long distance, and form both pre- and postsynaptic connections with host neurons, corresponding to functional recovery. Strikingly, this circuit integration depends largely on the identity of the transplanted cells and may be modified by external stimuli. This realization begs for enriched authentic target cells for transplantation and combination with rehabilitation for better therapeutic outcomes.
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