PDGFRα-positive cell-derived TIMP-1 modulates adaptive immune responses to influenza A viral infection.

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is a physiologic inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), but little is known about the role of TIMP-1 in regulating the pathogenesis of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Here, we performed both in vivo and in vitro experiments to investigate the regulation and function of TIMP-1 during IAV infection. Specifically, plasma levels of TIMP-1 are significantly increased in human subjects and wild-type (WT) mice infected with 2009 H1N1 IAV compared with levels in uninfected controls. Also, TIMP-1 is strikingly upregulated in PDGFRα positive (PDGFRα) cells in IAV-infected murine lungs as demonstrated using conditional KO (cKO) mice with a specific deletion of in PDGFRα cells. Our in vitro data indicated that TIMP-1 is induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) during lipofibroblasts (lipoFBs)-to-myofibroblast (myoFB) transdifferentiation. deficiency protects mice from H1N1 IAV-induced weight loss, mortality, and lung injury. IAV-infected deficient mice showed increased macrophages, and B and T cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on postinfection (p.i.), but reduced BAL neutrophil counts. Increased Cxcl12 levels were detected in both BAL cells and lungs from deficient mice on p.i. Taken together, our data strongly link TIMP-1 to IAV pathogenesis. We identified that PDGFRα-lineage cells are the main cellular source of elevated TIMP-1 during IAV infection. Loss of attenuates IAV-induced mortality and promotes T and B cell recruitment. Thus, TIMP-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for IAV infection. Our data strongly link tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) to influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenesis. TIMP-1 is highly increased in PDGFRα-lineage cells during IAV infection. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces TIMP-1 during lipofibroblast (lipoFB)-to- myofibroblast (myoFB) transdifferentiation. deficiency protects mice from H1N1 IAV-induced weight loss, mortality, and lung injury. TIMP-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for IAV infection.