Comprehensive honey authentication in Bangladesh: Profiling physicochemical and bioactive compounds to distinguish floral sources and detect adulteration.

This study aims to advance honey authentication in Bangladesh by developing a reliable, cost-effective, and user-friendly system capable of distinguishing floral sources and purity. We analyzed various physicochemical parameters and bioactive compounds in honey samples from diverse floral sources across Bangladesh during different floral seasons, including deliberately adulterated samples. Results showed clear distinctions among the tested parameters. Notably, moisture content exhibited considerable variability, with the highest levels found in kholisha (24.07%-24.99 %) and the lowest in black cumin honey (17.80%-27.46 %). Jujube honey exhibited the highest protein content at 10 % adulteration, whereas mustard honey showed the least at 20 % adulteration. Generally, adulterated honey samples showed a considerable deviation in protein content compared to known standards for pure honey, suggesting adulteration significantly impacts protein levels. Black cumin honey showed the highest electrical conductivity, followed by jujube. Antioxidant levels were highest in litchi honey, followed by ayurvedic and kholisha. Multivariate analysis revealed that two principal components explained 65 % of total variances and could separate the various clusters of honey samples. The pH values, total phenolic, total flavonoid, protein content, electrical conductivity, color intensity at 360 nm and 635 nm, and antioxidant properties of all tested honey samples showed a strong positive correlation. Overall, the manuscript strategically combines experimental findings with detailed analyses to explore the complex nature of honey composition, adulteration issues, and the significance of authenticating honey to maintain quality and ensure consumer trust in the market. This study is the first to employ a comprehensive set of physicochemical and bioactive indicators with multivariate analysis for honey authentication in Bangladesh, offering a novel and systematic approach to identifying purity and floral sources.