Cytoskeletal regulation on polycaprolactone/graphene porous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Understanding cellular mechanics requires evaluating the mechanical and chemical cues that regulate the actin cytoskeleton, particularly filopodia and lamellipodia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of scaffolds properties on cell migration. The results showed that scaffolds toughness, strain, and strength played a key role in promoting cell movement by stimulating the dynamic formation of filopodia and lamellipodia. The test sample containing 3 wt% G significantly enhanced toughness, yield strength, and strain, leading to increase cell motility as well as enhanced development of longer filopodia and larger lamellipodia in MG-63 cells. These results provide valuable insights for optimizing scaffolds to promote bone tissue regeneration.