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Anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies for glioma.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev

January 2025

Saúde Baseada em Evidências, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult glioma (16-month median survival). Its immunosuppressive microenvironment limits the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Objectives: To assess the effects of the ICIs antibodies anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) in treating adults with diffuse glioma.

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Background: Both the antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) enfortumab vedotin (EV) and programmed death-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab have been shown to provide survival benefits in patients previously treated with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (la/mUC). Cost-effectiveness is necessary to consider whether the increased efficacy of the two therapies will lead to higher prices for first-line treatment of previously untreated la/mUC.

Objectives: To guide the choice of EV plus pembrolizumab or chemotherapy for patients with previously untreated la/mUC.

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Oncolytic virotherapy has shown great promise in mediating targeted tumor destruction through tumor-selective replication and induction of anti-tumor immunity; however, obstacles remain for virus candidates to reach the clinic. These include avoiding neutralizing antibodies, preventing stimulation of the adaptive immune response during intravenous administration, and inducing sufficient apoptosis and immune activation so that the body's defense can work to eradicate systemic disease. We have developed a co-formulation of oncolytic viruses (OVs) with Imagent lipid-encapsulated, perfluorocarbon microbubbles (MBs) to protect the OVs from the innate and adaptive immune system.

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Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the predominant subtype of kidney cancer. With distant metastasis, the overall survival rate for patients with renal cell carcinoma decreases significantly compared to localized disease. However, pembrolizumab plus axitinib combination is safe and improves long-term survival.

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Introduction: Local recurrence for upper tract urothelial carcinoma typically occurs within 2 years post-surgery. We report a rare case of retroperitoneal recurrence as squamous cell carcinoma 10 years after nephroureterectomy.

Case Presentation: A 67-year-old female was referred to our urology department for a left ureteral tumor.

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