Prevalence and risk factors of anxiety and depression in diabetic retinopathy patients: A cross-sectional study using multiple scales.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of anxiety and depression, and explore their related factors in all types of diabetic retinopathy (DR) patients more precisely and accurately by multiple scales.

Methods: Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), beck depression inventory (BDI), and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores were assessed in 247 DR patients and 250 non-retinopathic diabetes mellitus (NRDM) patients.

Results: In DR patients, there were 32 patients with proliferative DR and 115 patients with impaired visual acuity. The prevalences (95% confidence interval) of anxiety were 38.5% (32.4%-44.6%) and 32.0% (26.2%-37.8%) by BAI and SAS, while those for depression were 31.6% (25.8%-37.4%) and 25.1% (19.7%-30.5%) by BDI and SDS in DR patients. BAI score (= 0.003), BAI-defined anxiety rate (= 0.010), SAS score (= 0.001), SAS-defined anxiety rate (= 0.006), BDI score (= 0.005), BDI-defined depression rate (= 0.028), and SDS score (= 0.001) were increased in DR patients versus NRDM patients. In DR patients, proliferative DR independently related to BAI-defined anxiety (< 0.001) and SAS-defined anxiety (< 0.001). Female (= 0.016) and proliferative DR (< 0.001) independently associated with BDI-defined depression; female (= 0.007), DM duration (= 0.025), triglyceride (TG) (= 0.026), and proliferative DR (= 0.014) independently associated with SDS-defined depression. The combination of these independent factors showed acceptable abilities in predicting BAI-defined anxiety, SAS-defined anxiety, BDI-defined depression, or SDS-defined depression in DR patients, with area under curves of 0.626, 0.656, 0.696, and 0.741, respectively (all < 0.001).

Conclusion: Anxiety and depression are prevalent; meanwhile, proliferative DR, female, DM duration, and TG independently relate to anxiety or depression in DR patients.