Phylogeogenomic analysis of the earliest reported sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from 161 countries.

The SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19 whose evolutionary path with geographical context forms the focus of present study. The first reported sequence from each of the 161 countries was downloaded from the GISAID database. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using MAFFT v.7, and a TCS-based network was constructed using PopART v.1.7. A total of 27 proteins were analyzed including structural and non-structural proteins. NSP3 and NSP12, responsible for viral replication and RNA synthesis, respectively, had the highest mutation incidence and frequency among non-structural proteins. The spike (S) protein, critical for viral attachment and entry, had the highest prevalence and frequency of mutations. ORF3a had the highest mutation incidence and frequency among accessory proteins. The phylogeogenomic network identified six haplogroups containing 35 sequences, while the remaining sequences belonged to different haplotypes. The virus's genetic distinctiveness was higher in European genomes, with four haplogroups dominated by Europe-linked sequences. The triangular-shaped pattern observed in the virus's evolutionary path suggests that it spread to different continents from Asia. Multiple transmission pathways connecting different countries affirm the virus's ability to emerge in multiple countries by early 2020. The possibility of new species emergence through "saltation" due to the pandemic is also discussed.