Structural evolution and stabilisation mechanism of foam fluids that contain cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals: An experimental and theoretical study.

Foam fluids are thermodynamically metastable systems, and they evolve over timescales comparable to their time of use, which makes the study of their destabilisation mechanisms crucial for many industrial applications. In our study, foams were made from fluids that contained cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). We explored the effects of nanocelluloses and oils (n-heptane and n-dodecane) on foam stability, bubble coarsening and liquid drainage. Results show that the evolution of the bubble size is strongly slowed by the synergistic effect of CNCs and CNFs, and the structural evolution of foam is greatly impacted. The main responsible mechanism is an increase in local yield stresses due to the presence of CNCs in the foam. The jammed CNCs in foam produce a drainage delay, which makes the foam 50 % drainage time (t) of the experimental value deviate by up to 400 % from the classical theory value. When the bubbles coarsen and grow above a threshold size, liquid can drain out of the foam. Finally, a modified model for t that considers the drainage delay was proposed. The experimental results validated the proposed correlation and exhibited good reliability and predictive accuracy. The results enable us to elucidate the impact of CNCs and CNFs on the stability of foam fluids.