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Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy, Chemoprevention, and Vaccines: History, Progress, and Priorities. | LitMetric

Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy, Chemoprevention, and Vaccines: History, Progress, and Priorities.

Immun Inflamm Dis

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, Egypt.

Published: November 2024

AI Article Synopsis

  • * The transmission of this disease requires freshwater snails and human contact with contaminated water, with no effective vaccines currently available despite ongoing research into potential candidates.
  • * Praziquantel (PZQ) is a key medication for treating schistosomiasis, but its widespread use has raised concerns about drug resistance, while reinfection in high-risk areas and immature worms limit its effectiveness, highlighting the urgent need for a vaccine.

Article Abstract

Background: Schistosomiasis is a major human disease of public health importance. Freshwater snails serving as intermediary hosts and human interaction with surface water tainted by feces or urine are both necessary components of the transmission cycle. Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum are the primary pathogen species. Over 250 million individuals are infected globally, according to the World Health Organization, causing significant morbidity and an estimated loss of 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years, a number that is probably underestimated. Immunological protection is slowly built up through complex immunological systems, although innate factors also play a role. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals residing in poor rural area. Vaccination is considered as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but schistosomiasis vaccine for humans or animals is not available till now despite the discovery of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens.

Objective: To provide an overview of the schistosomiasis chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and vaccines history and progress.

Design: Review article.

Data Sources: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and the World Health Organization database.

Conclusion: Favorably praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication with excellent chemopreventive treatment compliance. Due to the extensive usage of PZQ, there is a great deal of debate surrounding the emergence of drug resistance. PZQ is effective against all species of schistosomes, schistosomiasis prevalence has remained largely unaffected, due to reinfection in high transmission areas and growing juvenile worms that were not affected by the drug, even though the need for a schistosomiasis vaccine is even more pressing.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11574878PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.70054DOI Listing

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