Biopsy-based normalizations of gill monogenean-infected European catfish ( L., 1758) stocks for laboratory-based experiments.

Ectoparasites cause serious problems during the aquaculture production of food fishes. In this study, we set out to develop and test protocols for maintenance and sampling European catfish ( L., 1758) stocks infected with a gill monogenean, (Siwak 1932) Lim 1996. When we compared the feasibility of two cohabitation-based parasite culture systems (, static flow-through), we found that the life cycle of was completed in both habitats. In our experience, static tank systems with regular water exchange allowed better daily quality control of the parasite culture than continuous flow-through systems. We investigated the microhabitat preference of on the gills of infected European catfish. A balanced distribution on the two lateral gill sets and a decreasing trend in parasite numbers from anterior gill holobranches towards the posterior ones was observed. Using these results, we developed a minimally invasive sampling protocol to estimate the parasite load of individuals. The biopsy aimed at four sectors (#6, #7, #10, and #11) situated within the distal and middle zones of the first holobranch on the left side, encompassing both rows of filaments. Biopsy-based estimates of parasite loads were validated by comparing them to full parasite counts of the same individuals and showed statistically significant correlations. Our biopsy-based method is designed to identify experimental animals with similar parasite loads and create groups of hosts with comparable burdens. This setup is expected to generate reduced between-group differences for expensive experiments (, high throughput transcriptomic or epigenetic studies). We propose that the biopsy-based pre-sorting procedure should be considered in similar experiments with other cultured fish species and their gill monogeneans following a thorough fine-tuning of the experimental conditions.