Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Advanced Heart Failure Management.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) permits the assessment of gas exchange, electrocardiogram, and hemodynamic patterns throughout exercise, providing a window into multi-organ physiologic reserve during exercise. CPET provides risk stratification and informs management of advanced heart failure (HF). Increasingly, CPET is combined with echocardiography, or invasive right heart catheterization, which enables high-resolution assessment of cardiac and extracardiac limitations to exercise. CPET also represents a cornerstone in the evaluation process for advanced HF interventions. This review underscores the importance and utility of CPET in managing patients with advanced HF.