Tin-based perovskites (Sn-PVK) are promising lead-free alternatives for efficient photovoltaic technology, but they face challenges related to bulk and surface defects due to suboptimal crystallization and Sn oxidation. Introducing thiophene-2-ethylammonium halides (TEAX, where X = I, Br, Cl) improves FASnI crystallization and reduces Sn formation. This is achieved by adjusting the crystallization dynamics through the formation of a complex between S and Sn during the preparation of the precursor solution, which also inhibits Sn oxidation in the resulting films. In solar cells, these additives boost power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 6.6% (without additives) to 9.4% (using TEABr), with further enhancement to 12% by adjusting selective contacts. The addition of TEAX also increases the Sn content, outperforming control. Devices with TEABr maintained over 95% of their initial PCE after 2000 h in N under continuous operation with 1 sun simulated illumination.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11558796 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c01875 | DOI Listing |
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