Domain-Specific Self-Efficacy Scales for Elementary and Middle School Students.

Background: Self-efficacy refers to students' perceived confidence in their ability to tackle learning tasks. Research shows that self-efficacy serves as an important predictor of academic achievement and relates to students' academic success, self-regulated learning, and motivation. It is therefore important to understand how self-efficacy develops and manifests itself in Russian schoolchildren and relates to their academic achievement.

Objective: To establish evidence of the validity and reliability of domain-specific self-efficacy scales developed for elementary and middle school students.

Design: Messick's unified framework was used to establish validity. The surveys were administered to elementary and middle school students in two regions of Russia.

Results: The pilot testing of the self-efficacy scales for elementary school, using exploratory ( = 972) and confirmatory ( = 972) factor analyses, resulted in a four-factor model, which was later confirmed with a different sample of elementary students ( = 1,392) with good reliability estimates (α = 0.75-0.82). The pilot testing of self-efficacy scales for middle school, using exploratory ( = 583) and confirmatory ( = 584) factor analyses, resulted in a three-factor model, showing excellent reliability estimates (α = 0.88-0.93).

Conclusion: The evidence of construct validity suggests that the domain-specific self-efficacy scales for elementary and middle school students can be recommended for use by researchers and practitioners. The article presents ideas for additional validation studies and future research using domain-specific self-efficacy scales.