Revalidation of Enteromius crocodilensis (Fowler, 1934) from synonymy with the disjunctly distributed Enteromius argenteus (Günther, 1868) based on molecular and morphological evidence.

The rosefin barb, Enteromius argenteus, as currently described, is a freshwater fish with a distribution that is geographically separated and divided into the northern population in the Kwanza River system in Angola, and the southern population in the Inkomati River system in South Africa and Eswatini. Due to this disjunct distribution pattern, it is likely that the two populations represent distinct species. mtDNA sequence data and detailed examination of morphometric characters revealed considerable genetic (2.8%-3.5%) and morphological differentiation of the two populations, suggesting their recognition as two distinct species. Enteromius crocodilensis is revalidated and redescribed for the southern population that is readily distinguished from E. argenteus by nonoverlapping circumpeduncular scale counts (12-13 vs. 14) and color pattern (presence of a conspicuous dark band along the midline vs. absence of characteristic melanin patterns). Phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) data places both E. argenteus and E. crocodilensis in a well-supported clade that includes a number of morphologically similar sawfin barb species from southern and central Africa.