AI Article Synopsis
- Stone symptoms in pets are common and occur when kidney inflammation leads to urine forming blockages in the urinary tract; traditional Chinese diuretics, Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica, have anti-inflammatory effects but their mechanisms are not fully understood.
- The study aimed to examine how extracts from these plants can relieve inflammation in kidney cells from dogs and cats that is induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Various methods were used to assess inflammation and oxidative stress.
- Results showed that both plant extracts at safe concentrations significantly decreased nitric oxide release and inflammatory markers, while improving cell migration; they also altered gene expression related to inflammation and increased beneficial metabolites in the cells.
Article Abstract
Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Stone symptoms are one of the most common health problems in pets. Inflammation in the kidneys causes the pet's urine to form a hard substance that blocks the urinary tract. Plantago asiatica L. and Lonicera japonica Thunb., as traditional Chinese diuretics, have remarkable effects on anti-inflammatory and analgesia. However, their mechanism of action remains unclear.
Purpose: The alleviating effect of Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in canine and feline kidney cells was investigated in this work.
Materials And Methods: Inflammatory factor concentrations and oxidative stress indicators were used to evaluate the inflammatory response. The mechanism by which two extracts reduced inflammation was explored using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) metabolome assay.
Results: The results demonstrated that Plantago asiatica or Lonicera japonica extract at safe concentration (25-200 μg/mL for canine kidney cell and 1-20 μg/mL for feline kidney cell, respectively) could significantly reduce the release of nitric oxide (p < 0.05) and oxidative damage (p < 0.05) after LPS stimulation, inhibit the production of inflammatory factors (p < 0.05), and improve cell migration ability (p < 0.05). The RT-qPCR results confirmed that Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts significantly reduced the mRNA expressions of TLR4, MyD88, NF-kB, Caspase9 and Bax (p < 0.05), and enhanced the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 (p < 0.05). Non-targeted metabolomics results indicated that the cells treated with two extracts raised the contents of allopurinol, further inhibited uric acid and gout and lowered the contents of adenosine and adenine. Moreover, it was revealed that the Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica participated in purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, protein digestion and absorption, nucleotide metabolism pathways to alleviate kidney cell inflammation.
Conclusions: The interaction mechanism was revealed to reduce the content of inflammatory factors by inhibiting TLR4-MyD88-NF-kB signaling pathway, and participate in purine metabolism to reduce the inflammation of kidney cells. These findings could provide significant insight into alleviating nephritis in canine and feline, and strategies for preventing urinary tract and kidney stones using Plantago asiatica and Lonicera japonica extracts.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.119069 | DOI Listing |
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