Miniature Robots for Battling Bacterial Infection.

Micro/nanorobots have shown great promise for minimally invasive bacterial infection therapy. However, bacterial infections usually form biofilms inside the body by aggregation and adhesion, preventing antibiotic penetration and increasing the likelihood of recurrence. Moreover, a substantial portion of the infection happens in those hard-to-access regions, making delivery of antibiotics to infected sites or tissues difficult and exacerbating the challenge of addressing bacterial infections. Micro/nanorobots feature exceptional mobility and controllability, are able to deliver drugs to specific sites (targeted delivery), and enhance drug penetration. In particular, the emergence of bioinspired microrobot surface design strategies have provided effective alternatives for treating infections, thereby preventing the possible development of bacterial resistance. In this paper, we review the recent advances in design, mechanism, and actuation modalities of micro/nanorobots with exceptional antimicrobial features, highlighting active therapy strategies for bacterial infections and derived complications at various organs, from the laboratory bench to in vivo applications. The current challenges and future research directions in this field are summarized. Those breakthroughs in micro/nanorobots offer a huge potential for clinical translation for bacterial infection therapy.