Rice husk biochar resuscitates the microecological functions of heavy-metal contaminated soil after washing by enriching functional bacteria.

Biochar has great potential for simultaneously improving soil ecological functions and eliminating environmental pollutants. However, studies on this strategy in the restoration of ecological functions in chelator-washed soil are lacking, and the effect of biochar on the structure, functions, and microbial interactions of washed soil microbiomes are unclear. Hence, the effect of rice husk biochar (RHB, 2 %) on the physicochemical properties, heavy metal fractions, and microbial community structure of glutamate-N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA)- and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)- washed remediated soil were investigated. Results showed that the RHB addition restored the washed soil physical structure (pores and agglomerates) and meanwhile, the soil colloidal sheet sweeps increased by 20.49 % and 102.07 % in the z-axis, respectively. Additionally, RHB significantly increased washed soil pH (P < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase and urease activities, while decreased acid phosphatase and glucosidase activities. The Observedspecies and Shannon index were significantly higher in soil treated by RHB combined with GLDA and EDTA than those treated with GLDA and EDTA alone (P < 0.05). GLDA washing coupled RHB treatment enriched key bacterial groups such as MND1, Chelativorans, and Ellin6067, while EDTA washing coupled RHB treatment enriched Sreroidobacter, Micromonospora, and Reyranella, that both related to C-, N-, and P- cycles. Importantly, RHB addition could enrich functional bacteria by increasing bacterial resistance, including glucose metabolic homeostasis and metal ion resistance. The observed enrichment of functional bacteria provided evidence for the enhancement of soil nutrient cycles, indicative of improved soil functions by combination of chelator washing and biochar amended.