Mitochondrial RNA methylation in cancer.

Mitochondria have a complete and independent genetic system with necessary biological energy for cancer occurrence and persistence. Mitochondrial RNA (mt-RNA) methylation, as a frontier in epigenetics, has linked to cancer progression with growing evidences. This review has comprehensively summarized detailed mechanisms of mt-RNA methylation in regulating cancer proliferation, metastasis, and immune infiltration from the mt-RNA methylation sites, biological significance, and its methyltransferases. The mt-RNA methylation also plays a very significant role via epigenetic crosstalk between nucleus and mitochondria. Importantly, the unique structures and functional characteristics of mt-RNA methyltransferases and the potential targeting treatment drugs for cancer are also analyzed. Revealing human mt-RNA methylation regulatory system and the relationship with cancer will contribute to identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for precise prevention, detection, intervention and treatment in the future.