Improving LIBS-based mineral identification with Raman imaging and spectral knowledge distillation.

Combining data from different sensing modalities has been a promising research topic for building better and more reliable data-driven models. In particular, it is known that multimodal spectral imaging can improve the analytical capabilities of standalone spectroscopy techniques through fusion, hyphenation, or knowledge distillation techniques. In this manuscript, we focus on the latter, exploring how one can increase the performance of a Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy system for mineral classification problems using additional spectral imaging techniques. Specifically, focusing on a scenario where Raman spectroscopy delivers accurate mineral classification performance, we show how to deploy a knowledge distillation pipeline where Raman spectroscopy may act as an autonomous supervisor for LIBS. For a case study concerning a challenging Li-bearing mineral identification of spodumene and petalite, our results demonstrate the advantages of this method in improving the performance of a single-technique system. LIBS trained with labels obtained by Raman presents an enhanced classification performance. Furthermore, leveraging the interpretability of the model deployed, the workflow opens opportunities for the deployment of assisted feature discovery pipelines, which may impact future academic and industrial applications.