Predicting flushed wet wipe emissions into rivers.

Flushed wet wipes pose a significant pollution risk to river systems at both macro and micro levels. However, the link between their emissions and environmental contamination remains unclear. Here we integrated emissions-based modelling with existing data on wet wipe disposal and microfibre generation to predict the quantity of emissions entering river systems and the transport pathways involved. Results indicate that wastewater pathways, including sewer overflows, wastewater treatment plants, and agricultural runoff, are major conduits for these pollutants. Despite advanced wastewater treatment, substantial microfibre emissions still enter the environment. Extrapolating to larger scales reveals wet wipe pollution as an international issue requiring urgent attention. This research offers a comprehensive modelling framework applicable to various wastewater pollutants, providing valuable insights for policymakers and the water industry. Improved data on wet wipe disposal, fate, and spatially distributed wastewater systems are necessary to pinpoint their environmental risks more accurately.