Non- Helicobacter (NHPH) species are emerging as significant gastric pathogens. Despite their clinical importance, NHPH infections are less studied compared to () due to their lower prevalence and diagnostic challenges. Zoonotic transmission, particularly from pigs, dogs, and cats, underscores the need for improved diagnostic methods and heightened clinical awareness. Gastric cancer (GC) remains a major global health issue, with being a primary risk factor. The eradication of reduces GC risk, but post-eradication surveillance is essential. Endoscopic findings, especially those from the Kyoto classification, and noninvasive biomarkers play crucial roles in early GC detection and risk assessment. The increasing antibiotic resistance in necessitates new treatment strategies. Novel therapies, such as vonoprazan-based regimens, and alternatives like sitafloxacin and rifabutin, are being developed to improve eradication success rates. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis, including the roles of oxidative stress and cancer stem cells, is key to advancing treatment. Targeting specific molecular pathways offers potential for more effective therapies.
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