Ambient noise source characterization using spectral, coherence, and directionality estimates at Kongsfjorden.

Ambient noise measurements from an Arctic fjord during summer and winter are analyzed using spectral, coherence, and directionality estimates from a vertically separated pair of hydrophones. The primary noise sources attributed to wind, shipping, and ice activity are categorized and coherence is arrived at. Estimates of the noise field directionality in the vertical and its variation over time and between seasons are used to strengthen the analysis of the time-varying nature of noise sources. Source identification using such processing techniques serves as a valuable tool in passive acoustic monitoring systems for studying ice dynamics in glacierized fjords.