Biological wood oxidation (BWO) is a composting heat recovery system tailored for woody lignocellulose valorization, with the potential to generate sustainable and low-temperature heat. This study investigated the effects of feedstock particle sizing and periodic nutrient supplementation (PNS) on microbial activity and wood decomposition during BWO. Birch wood was processed into sawdust (<5 mm) and cubes of various diameters (5, 10, and 15 mm), incubated in batch-mode BWO reactors for 88 days, and periodically supplemented with a nutrient medium. Sawdust-BWO outperformed cubes-BWO and demonstrated greater sensitivity to PNS, exhibiting in total 207% higher cumulative oxygen consumption, 50%∼ higher nitrogen utilization efficiency, 217% higher wood dry matter (DM) loss, and 101% higher total carbohydrates removal. The use of human urine as a nutrient source, combined with sawdust and PNS, further enhanced the BWO performance and resulted in an unprecedented 34.2% DM loss and 45.5% total carbohydrate removal over a 60-day incubation period. As revealed by an overall energy balance analysis, the process of grinding wood cubes into sawdust consumes around 55-72 kWh/t DM of additional electricity but results in a potentially 10-fold increase in heat output (680.6-719.5 kWh/t DM). Hence, combining fine grinding of wood with PNS emerges as an effective and energy-efficient strategy to elevate the performance and heat generation potential of BWO.
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