Facial and dental arch shape in individuals with different bite force levels : A pilot study using geometric morphometrics.

Purpose: This pilot study aimed to assess the relationship between bite force variation and dental arch and facial shape using geometric morphometrics, an advanced method of statistical analysis that provides a detailed shape analysis of a structure considering the spatial relationship of its parts.

Methods: The sample consisted of 16 German adult men and women. For each individual, maximum bite force was recorded in four positions: maximum intercuspation, protrusion, laterotrusion to the right and to the left. Facial and three-dimensional (3D) dental reconstructions were obtained from 3D facial photographs and 3D scans of dental stone models. A total of 51 landmarks were placed. General shape variation was assessed by principal component analysis. Partial least squares analyses were performed to evaluate the covariation between bite force, facial shape, and dental shape.

Results: There was no clear pattern or statistically significant covariation between our variables.

Conclusions: Our results suggest a weak relationship between bite force, dental arch, and facial shape. Considering previous work in this field, we propose that low masticatory loads, characteristic in Western urban populations, may explain this. Further studies should, therefore, address this issue, taking into account effect size, the mechanical properties of the diet, and other relevant variables.