Comparing Different Methods for the Diagnosis of Liver Steatosis: What Are the Best Diagnostic Tools?

Background: Due to the ongoing organ shortage, marginal grafts with steatosis are more frequently used in liver transplantation, leading to higher occurrences of graft dysfunction. A histological analysis is the gold standard for the quantification of liver steatosis (LS), but has its drawbacks: it is an invasive method that varies from one pathologist to another and is not available in every hospital at the time of organ procurement. This study aimed to compare non-invasive diagnostic tools to a histological analysis for the quantification of liver steatosis.

Methods: Male C57BL6J mice were fed with a methioninecholine-deficient (MCD) diet for 14 days or 28 days to induce LS, and were compared to a control group of animals fed with a normal diet. The following non-invasive techniques were performed and compared to the histological quantification of liver steatosis: magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), CARS microscopy, Tc MIBI SPECT imaging, and a new near-infrared spectrometer (NIR-SG1).

Results: After 28 days on the MCD diet, an evaluation of LS showed ≥30% macrovesicular steatosis. High correlations were found between the NIR-SG1 and the blinded pathologist analysis (R = 0.945) ( = 0.001), and between the CARS microscopy (R = 0.801 ( < 0.001); MRS, R = 0.898 ( < 0.001)) and the blinded pathologist analysis. The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 1 for both the NIR-SG1 and MRS ( = 0.021 and < 0.001, respectively), while the AUC = 0.910 for the Oil Red O stain ( < 0.001) and the AUC = 0.865 for the CARS microscopy ( < 0.001). The AUC for the Tc MIBI SPECT was 0.640 ( = 0.013), and this was a less discriminating technique for LS quantification.

Conclusions: The best-performing non-invasive methods for LS quantification are MRS, CARS microscopy, and the NIR-SG1. The NIR-SG1 is particularly appropriate for clinical practice and needs to be validated by clinical studies on liver grafts.