Multi-scale dual-channel feature embedding decoder for biomedical image segmentation.

Background And Objective: Attaining global context along with local dependencies is of paramount importance for achieving highly accurate segmentation of objects from image frames and is challenging while developing deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation. Several transformer-based models have been proposed to handle this issue in biomedical image segmentation. Despite this, segmentation accuracy remains an ongoing challenge, as these models often fall short of the target range due to their limited capacity to capture critical local and global contexts. However, the quadratic computational complexity is the main limitation of these models. Moreover, a large dataset is required to train those models.

Methods: In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale dual-channel decoder to mitigate this issue. The complete segmentation model uses two parallel encoders and a dual-channel decoder. The encoders are based on convolutional networks, which capture the features of the input images at multiple levels and scales. The decoder comprises a hierarchy of Attention-gated Swin Transformers with a fine-tuning strategy. The hierarchical Attention-gated Swin Transformers implements a multi-scale, multi-level feature embedding strategy that captures short and long-range dependencies and leverages the necessary features without increasing computational load. At the final stage of the decoder, a fine-tuning strategy is implemented that refines the features to keep the rich features and reduce the possibility of over-segmentation.

Results: The proposed model is evaluated on publicly available LiTS, 3DIRCADb, and spleen datasets obtained from Medical Segmentation Decathlon. The model is also evaluated on a private dataset from Medical College Kolkata, India. We observe that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art models in liver tumor and spleen segmentation in terms of evaluation metrics at a comparative computational cost.

Conclusion: The novel dual-channel decoder embeds multi-scale features and creates a representation of both short and long-range contexts efficiently. It also refines the features at the final stage to select only necessary features. As a result, we achieve better segmentation performance than the state-of-the-art models.