Tuning the physical properties of ternary alloys (NiCuCo) for in vitro magnetic hyperthermia: experimental and theoretical investigation.

Most of published research on magnetic hyperthermia focused on iron oxides, ferrites, and binary alloy nanostructures, while the ternary alloys attracted much limited interest. Herein, we prepared NiCuCo ternary alloy nanocomposites with variable compositions by mechanical alloying. Physical properties were fully characterized by XRD, Rietveld analysis, XPS, SEM/EDX, TEM, ZFC/FC and H-M loops. DFT calculations were used to confirm the experimental results in terms of structure and magnetism. The results showed that the fabricated nanoalloys are face centered cubic (FCC) with average core sizes of 9-40 nm and behave as superparamagnetic with saturation in the range 4.67-42.63 emu/g. Langevin fitting corroborated the superparamagnetic behavior, while law of approach to saturation (LAS) was used to calculate the magnetic anisotropy constants. Heating effciencies were performed under an alternating magnetic field (AMF, H = 170 Oe and f = 332.5 kHz), and specific absorption rate (SAR) values were determined. The highest magnetic saturation (M), heating potentials, and SAR values were attained for NiCuCo containing the lowest Cu but highest Ni and Co percentages, and the least for NiCuCo. Importantly, the nanoalloys reached the required temperatures for magnetic hyperthermia (42 °C) in relatively short times. We also showed that heat dissipiation can be simply tuned by changing many parameters such as concentration, field amplitude, and frequency. Finally, cytotoxicity viability assays against two different breast cancer cell lines treated with NiCuCo nanoalloy in the presence and absence of AMF were investigated. No significant decrease in cancer cell viability was observed in the absence of AMF. When tested against tumorigenic KAIMRC2 breast cancer cells under AMF, the NiCuCo nanoalloy was found to be highly potent to the cells (~ 2-fold enhancement), killing almost all the cells in short times (20 min) and clinically-safe AC magnetic fields. These findings strongly suggest that the as-prepared ternary NiCuCo nanoalloys hold great promise for potential magnetically-triggered cancer hyperthermia.