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This article reviews the evolution of noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring technologies, highlighting their importance in perioperative and critical care settings. Initially dominated by invasive methods, the field has shifted toward noninvasive techniques to reduce risks and improve patient safety. These advancements encompass various technologies, including bioimpedance/bioreactance, pulse contour analysis, and photoplethysmography, offering anesthesiologists dynamic tools for patient management. The article explores historical developments, traditional and advanced noninvasive monitors, and future trends, emphasizing the potential of integrating artificial intelligence and wearable technology in patient care.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aan.2024.07.011 | DOI Listing |
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