Symmetry-Engineered BINOL-Based Porous Aromatic Frameworks for HO Production via Artificial Photosynthesis and In Situ Degradation of Pharmaceutical Pollutants.

Accomplishing visible light-driven HO production at millimolar concentrations is practically challenging, particularly for organic semiconductors. In this context, achieving a maximum HO production rate of 31.60 mmol·g·h by using porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) represents a significant accomplishment. We report the unusual photoactivity of tetraphenylmethane-BINOL-linked PAFs in triplet oxygen activation to facilitate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as confirmed by their optical and electrochemical responses, despite the absence of a conventional chromophoric moiety. Moreover, an in situ BINOL formation strategy was used to synthesize these PAFs during polymerization in contrast to the reported protocols involving chiral BINOLs as precursors. The as-synthesized polymers had a capsule-like morphology (for ), high thermal stability up to 348 °C, and a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of up to 1382 m/g (for ). Interestingly, they showed sunlight-driven production of HO via an oxygen reduction reaction of up to 17.05 mmol·g·h in 1:10 isopropanol in water for , which was quantified by titration with ceric sulfate. It also exhibited exemplary photocatalytic efficiency with an HO production rate of 6.65 mmol·g·h in seawater. Interestingly, the HO production rate reached a maximum of 18.03 mmol·g·h with an SCC efficiency of 4.5% under an AM 1.5G solar simulator and apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 15.8% (at λ = 456 nm) for in ethanol:water = 1:10. Moreover, the exceptionally high HO production rate of 31.60 mmol·g·h was achieved in 1:1 ethanol in water under 50 W blue LED light. Furthermore, these PAFs generated adequate ROS, which were utilized in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline via the superoxide intermediate. Additionally, the as-formed HO was further channelized in the pollution abatement catalytic system for the fast degradation of ciprofloxacin (within 4 h) and the reduction of toxic oxometallate Cr(VI) within 10 min, which is one of the earliest reports of utilizing photosynthesized HO for environmental detoxification.