Objective: To evaluate the association between neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia and the subsequent development of mental health conditions in children and adolescents.
Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study, utilizing data from individuals born in South Korea between 2002 and 2005 and followed up until 2021, using the National Health Insurance Database. The cohort included 1 893 314 participants born during that period, with 927 diagnosed with bronchopulmonary dysplasia during the neonatal period (the exposed cohort). They were matched 1:10 with 9270 unexposed individuals (the unexposed cohort) based on key demographic factors.
Results: The median age at the first mental health disorder diagnosis was 9 years (IQR, 5-15 years), with 5698 individuals (55.9%) being male. During an average follow-up of 15.2 years, the incidence rate was 481/10 000 person-years in the exposed and 138 of 10 000 person-years in the unexposed cohort. By the age of 18 years, the cumulative incidence in the exposed cohort was 54% (95% CI; 50%-57%), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.18 (95% CI; 2.81-3.60) compared with the unexposed cohort, and adjusted hazard ratios for early- and late-onset mental health disorders of 4.48 (95% CI; 3.84-5.22) and 1.89 (95% CI; 1.61-2.22), respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings, and a subgroup analysis revealed a higher risk among individuals with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who required prolonged respiratory support or oxygen.
Conclusions: Half of children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in our cohort developed mental health disorders by the age of 18 years, emphasizing the need for interventions and support for such individuals.
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