Development and Evaluation of Pediatric Acute Care Hospital Referral Regions in Eight States.

Objective: To develop a set of pediatric acute care hospital referral regions for use in studying pediatric acute care delivery and test their utility relative to other regional systems.

Study Design: We used state-level administrative databases capturing all pediatric acute care in 8 states to construct novel referral regions. We first constructed pediatric hospital service areas (PHSAs) based on 5 837 464 pediatric emergency department encounters. We then aggregated these PHSAs to pediatric hospital referral regions (PHRRs) based on 344 440 pediatric hospitalizations. Finally, we used 3 measures of spatial accuracy (localization index, market share index, and net patient flow) to compare this novel region system with the Dartmouth Atlas, designed originally to study adult specialty care, and the Pittsburgh Atlas, designed originally to study adult acute care.

Results: The development procedure resulted in 717 novel PHSAs, which were then aggregated to 55 PHRRs across the included states. Relative to hospital referral regions in the Dartmouth and Pittsburgh Atlases, PHRRs were fewer in number and larger in area and population. PHRRs more accurately captured patterns of pediatric hospitalizations, (eg, mean localization index: 69.1 out of 100, compared with a mean of 58.1 for the Dartmouth Atlas and 62.4 for the Pittsburgh Atlas).

Conclusions: The use of regional definitions designed specifically to study pediatric acute care better captures contemporary pediatric acute care delivery than the use of existing regional definitions. Future work should extend these definitions to all US states to enable national analyses of pediatric acute care delivery.