Microbial Inoculants Drive Changes in Soil and Plant Microbiomes and Improve Plant Functions in Abandoned Mine Restoration.

The application of microbial inoculants holds promise for the sustainable restoration of abandoned mine sites by affecting soil nutrients and microbial communities. However, the responses of plant microbial communities to microbial inoculants in mine restoration remain largely unknown. To bridge this knowledge gap, we conducted a 4-year field experiment at an abandoned carbonate mine site to assess the impacts of microbial inoculants on the soil-plant microbiome. Our findings revealed that microbial inoculants significantly changed roots, fine root bacterial and fungal communities. Further, no significant correlations were observed between the soil-plant nutrient content (Z-score) and microbial alpha diversity. However, a significantly positive correlation was found between the relative abundance of the keystone ecological cluster (Module #1) and soil-plant nutrient content. The application of microbial inoculants also increased complexity, albeit decreased stability of plant microbiome networks, alongside a reduction in stochastic assembly. Conversely, they decreased the complexity but increased the stability of soil microbiome networks, accompanied by an increase in stochastic assembly. Notably, the number of specifically enriched microbiome functional traits of roots and root nodules under the microbial inoculant treatments surpassed that of the control. In summary, our findings underscored the potential of microbial inoculants to enhance soil-plant functionality at abandoned mine restoration sites.