The environmental fate and risks associated with tire wear particles (TWPs) are closely linked to their biogeochemical behaviors. However, reviews that focus on TWPs from this perspective remain scarce, hindering our understanding of their environmental fate and cascading effects on ecosystems. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on TWPs by addressing five key areas: (i) the generation and size-dependent distribution of TWPs; (ii) the release and transformation of TWP-leachates; (iii) methodologies for the quantification of TWPs; (iv) the toxicity of TWPs; and (v) interactions of TWPs with other environmental processes. It has been established that the size distribution of TWPs significantly influences their transport and occurrence in different matrices, leading to the release and transformation of specific TWP-chemicals that can be toxic to organisms. By highlighting the challenges and knowledge gaps in this field, we propose critical issues that need to be addressed to enhance the risk assessment of TWPs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental behavior of TWPs.
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Article Synopsis
- - This study examined how Tire-wear particles (TWPs) interact with Zinc-Oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) and their combined effects on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, particularly when combined with Humics.
- - Results showed that higher concentrations of TWPs and ZNPs negatively impacted the growth and health of Chlorella vulgaris, causing oxidative stress, reduced chlorophyll levels, and cell membrane damage.
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