Unraveling cadmium-driven liver inflammation with a focus on arachidonic acid metabolites and TLR4/ IκBα /NF-κB pathway.

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated exposure to cadmium ion (Cd) is significantly associated with the incidence and aggravation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Cd exposure could alter lipid metabolism, and changed lipid metabolites are significantly associated with NASH. Arachidonic acid (ArA) is an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Promotion of ArA synthesis and profile changes by Cd exposure potentially to cause NAFLD. ArA metabolism pathway has been identified to enrich in Cd exposure-facilitated NASH. ArA could be generation an impressive metabolic profile through mainly three pathways, including Cyclooxygenases (COX), Lipoxygenases (LOX) and Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) pathway. However, the functions of these metabolites and underlying mechanism in hepatic inflammation are still not clear. In present study, by integrative transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, we identified that the fatty acid metabolic process and the pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway were enriched in Cd-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Cd-altered differential metabolites, such as, fatty acid biosynthesis, degradation, and ArA metabolism. The metabolites levels of LOX pathway products 5-HETE and leukotriene C4 (LTC4), and COX catalytic product prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were significantly elevated in Cd exposed mouse livers. 5-HETE, LTC4, and PGD2 were significantly positive correlated with NF-κB signaling. In addition, the synthase of 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), CYP450 gene 4 family (CYP4A32), was also involved in NF-κB signaling network. Results from both in vitro and in vivo proved that Cd exposure increased ArA metabolite to PGD2 and 20-HETE, and upregulated the mRNA level of their catalytic enzyme PGDS and CYP4A32. Cd-induced ArA metabolite to PGD2 and 20-HETE promoted activation of TLR4/IκBα/NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory of hepatocytes. Our study explores novel molecular mechanism of Cd exposure-aggravated liver diseases and provides potential novel targets for in hepatic inflammatory treatments and prevention.