Assessment of residues from common pesticides and associated risks in Pakistan.

Pesticide residues have become an escalating concern in Pakistan, raising significant risks to both public health and the environment. This review overviews the current status of pesticide contamination in the country, with a specific focus on residue levels in relation to Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) and a comparative analysis with regional and global counterparts. Several studies reveal that 30% to 70% of tested food products, including fruits, vegetables, and animal-derived products, especially in Punjab and Sindh, exceed established MRLs. This level of contamination is considerably higher than in neighboring countries such as India, where MRL exceedance ranges from 20 to 30%, and Bangladesh, which reports lower levels due to stricter regulatory efforts. In comparison, developed countries, including those in the European Union and the United States, report less than 5% of food samples exceeding MRLs, often falling below 1% due to stringent safety standards. The high prevalence of pesticide residues in Pakistan poses severe health risks, including neurological disorders, reproductive problems, and cancer, particularly in vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. Key factors contributing to these elevated pesticide levels include insufficient knowledge of safe pesticide use, the unregulated application of banned or expired products, improper safety protocols, and malfunctioning equipment. A prevailing reliance on pesticides as the sole pest control method further hinders the adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. In conclusion, pesticide residue levels in Pakistan are above permissible MRLs compared to regional and global standards, underscoring the need for urgent improvements in pesticide regulation, enforcement, and the promotion of sustainable pest control methods like IPM to better protect human health and the environment.