Obesity is a critical risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases and is often associated with dysfunctional adipocytes. Prevalent treatments such as lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery are often accompanied by adverse side effects and poor patient compliance. Nanotechnology and cell-based therapy offer innovative approaches for targeted obesity treatments, as they can directly target adipocytes, regulate lipid metabolism, and minimize off-target effects. Here, we provide an overview of the intricate relationship between adipocytes and obesity, highlighting the potential of nanotechnology and cell-based therapy in obesity treatment. Additionally, we discuss the advancements of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in obesity progression, including the latest challenges and considerations for developing adipose-targeted treatments for obesity. The objective is to provide a perspective on the design and development of nanotechnology and cell-based therapy for treating obesity and related comorbidities.
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