TFIIS is required for reproductive development and thermal adaptation in barley.

Barley reproductive fitness and efficient heat stress adaptation requires the activity of TFIIS, the elongation cofactor of RNAPII. Regulation of transcriptional machinery and its adaptive role under different stress conditions are studied extensively in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis, but our knowledge on monocot species remains elusive. TFIIS is an RNA polymerase II-associated transcription elongation cofactor. Previously, it was shown that TFIIS ensures efficient transcription elongation that is necessary for heat stress survival in A. thaliana. However, the function of TFIIS has not been analysed in monocots. In the present work, we have generated and studied independent tfIIs-crispr-mutant barley lines. We show that TFIIS is needed for reproductive development and heat stress survival in barley. The molecular basis of HS-sensitivity of tfIIs mutants is the retarded expression of heat stress protein transcripts, which leads to late accumulation of HSP chaperones, enhanced proteotoxicity and ultimately to lethality. We also show that TFIIS is transcriptionally regulated in response to heat, supporting a conserved adaptive function of these control elements for plant thermal adaptation. In sum, our results are a step forward for the better understanding of transcriptional machinery regulation in monocot crops.