A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: fopen(/var/lib/php/sessions/ci_session3qlsb1mqa9t5iitq0vkr0m7d29t7185t): Failed to open stream: No space left on device

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 177

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Failed to read session data: user (path: /var/lib/php/sessions)

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 137

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

Equine exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: the role of high left-heart pressures secondary to exercise-induced hypervolemia, and high inspiratory pressures. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • - Exercise-induced hypervolemia is a common occurrence in racehorses, but when the pressure difference across the blood-gas barrier exceeds a certain limit, it can lead to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH).
  • - The study analyzed six thoroughbreds to see how changes in blood volume (BV) after blood depletion and reinfusion affected various pressures, including left ventricular (LV) and pulmonary arterial wedge (PAW) pressures, which in turn influenced the severity of EIPH.
  • - Results indicated that while circulating blood volume significantly impacted EIPH severity and various pressures, exercise intensity did not have a major effect, suggesting a direct link between blood volume changes and the risk of EIPH in racehorses.

Article Abstract

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is common in racehorses. Stress failure of the blood-gas barrier causes EIPH when the transmural pulmonary capillary (Pcap)-alveolar pressure difference (Ptm) exceeds the barrier's stress failure threshold. Why Pcap increases is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that alterations in blood volume (BV) could affect left ventricular (LV) and pulmonary arterial wedge (PAW) pressures and Pcap, and correspondingly affect EIPH severity. Six thoroughbreds with EIPH exercised at the same treadmill speed (≈11.9 m/s [11.1, 12.2]; median [IQR]) before (≈119% V̇o; B), 2 h after 14 L depletion of blood (≈132% V̇o; D), and 2 h after reinfusing the blood (≈111% V̇o; R). LV, pulmonary arterial (PAP), PAW, and intrapleural (Ppl) pressures were measured throughout exercise. Pcap = (PAP + PAW)/2 and Ptm = (Pcap - Ppl). EIPH severity was assessed 60 min postexercise by tracheoendoscopy (EIPHgrade) and bronchoalveolar lavage erythrocyte number (BALRBC). A mixed-effect model and Tukey post hoc test analyzed the effects of BV changes on LV, PAW, Pcap, Ppl, Ptm, and EIPH. ≤ 0.05 was significant. Peak intrapleural inspiratory pressure (Ppl) was high (-41 mmHg), unaffected by changes in BV ( = 0.44), and did not contribute to fluctuations in Ptm and EIPH severity, whereas changes in BV did (EIPHgrade: = 0.01, BALRBC: = 0.003). EIPH prevalence was 100% with B and R but 50% with D. MaxPtm was not different between B (146 mmHg [140, 151]) and R (151 mmHg [137, 160]) but was lower for D (128 mmHg [127, 130]; B: = 0.005, R: = 0.02). Vascular pressures and Ppl fluctuated constantly during exercise and independently influenced Ptm. Left ventricular end diastolic (LVED) pressure was correlated with Ptm ( = 0.90, = 0.03) and EIPH = 0.82, = 0.004). Exercise BV was strongly correlated with EIPH severity in racehorses ( = 0.86, = 0.009). Hypervolemia induced by the infusion of erythrocyte-rich blood stored in the spleen is normal in high-speed thoroughbred exercise and increases capillary-alveolar transmural pressure (Ptm), leading to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH). In this study, decreasing blood volume reduced Ptm and EIPH. Large negative inspiratory pressures also contribute to high Ptm and the occurrence of EIPH. Ptm is dynamic and oscillates constantly during exercise. A significant relationship existed between circulating blood volume and EIPH severity in racehorses.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11573257PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00575.2023DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

eiph severity
20
eiph
14
exercise-induced pulmonary
12
pulmonary hemorrhage
12
blood volume
12
ptm eiph
12
ptm
10
inspiratory pressures
8
hemorrhage eiph
8
stress failure
8

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!