A dual-labeled dataset and fusion model for automatic teeth segmentation, numbering, and state assessment on panoramic radiographs.

Background: Recently, deep learning has been increasingly applied in the field of dentistry. The aim of this study is to develop a model for the automatic segmentation, numbering, and state assessment of teeth on panoramic radiographs.

Methods: We created a dual-labeled dataset on panoramic radiographs for training, incorporating both numbering and state labels. We then developed a fusion model that combines a YOLOv9-e instance segmentation model with an EfficientNetv2-l classification model. The instance segmentation model is used for tooth segmentation and numbering, whereas the classification model is used for state evaluation. The final prediction results integrate tooth position, numbering, and state information. The model's output includes result visualization and automatic report generation.

Results: Precision, Recall, mAP50 (mean Average Precision), and mAP50-95 for the tooth instance segmentation task are 0.989, 0.955, 0.975, and 0.840, respectively. Precision, Recall, Specificity, and F1 Score for the tooth classification task are 0.943, 0.933, 0.985, and 0.936, respectively.

Conclusions: This fusion model is the first to integrate automatic dental segmentation, numbering, and state assessment. It provides highly accurate results, including detailed visualizations and automated report generation.