Psychedelic research, assisted therapy and the role of the anaesthetist: A review and insights for experimental and clinical practices.

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented increase in the search for the use of psychedelics in improving physical and mental health. Anaesthesia has evolved since very early times, born from the need to eliminate pain and reduce suffering and there are reports of the use of anaesthetics to achieve mystical states since the nineteenth century. Nowadays, the renaissance of psychedelics in anaesthesia has been inspired by their potential in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes, palliative care and in the emergency department and pre-hospital care with the administration of psychedelics in cases of ischaemia, given their potential in neuroprotection. Although there are already some published protocols for the administration of psychedelics in patients with mental illness, little has been addressed concerning non-mental medical applications. In this sense, in patients with multiple comorbidities, functional limitations and polymedicated, the anaesthetist may play a fundamental role, not only in clinical practice, but also in translational research. This article focuses on the description of psychedelics, with a particular focus on dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and ayahuasca pharmacology, effects, safety and toxicity. A detailed description of the role of the anaesthetist in clinical and experimental research is provided, from participant's screening to preparation and dosing session, expected adverse effects and how to manage them, based on the protocol and standard procedures of a current study with neuroimaging during the psychedelic experience. Specific considerations regarding the management of psychedelic toxicity are also provided as well as future directions for safe psychedelic use in clinical practice.