Eco-friendly synthesis of CuO/BiO nanocomposite for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B dye.

Plant-mediated synthesized materials are receiving more attention than conventional ones due to their wide availability, ease of access, simple preparation methods, environmental benign, and possess superior physicochemical properties. In this work, plant extract-mediated CuO, BiO, and CuO/BiO nanocomposite samples were successfully synthesized using bamboo leaves extract as a capping agent. These materials were utilized for the photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) dye, which served as a model organic dye pollutant. The physicochemical characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and DRS-UV-vis spectrophotometry provide insight into the crystal structure, morphology, surface functional groups, and optical properties. These analyses confirm the effective formation of CuO, BiO, and CuO/BiO materials. Surprisingly, upon calcination at 450 °C for 4 h, the color of the nanocomposite changed from pale green to gray greenish, providing evidence for the formation of the CuO in CuO/BiO nanocomposite. The photocatalytic optimization parameters such as pH (4), catalyst load (35 mg), irradiation time (180 min) and concentration of RhB (10 mg L) dye were investigated. By coupling CuO with BiO nanoparticles resulted in an improved photocatalytic property for the degradation of RhB dye under optimal conditions. As a result, CuO/BiO nanocomposite exhibited a significantly boosted photocatalytic degradation efficiency (95.6%) compared to pure CuO (40.2%) and BiO (80.5%) photocatalysts, with good reusability. For comparison purpose, the photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye using selected photocatalyst was evaluated under dark and sunlight systems. This eco-friendly approach holds great potential for synthesis new nanocomposite with modified properties, thereby enabling the practical application of high-efficiency photocatalysts. The plausible mechanism of the electrons and holes transfer was proposed.